| 翻訳と辞書 |
| Taxation without Representation ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
No taxation without representation
"No taxation without representation" is a slogan originating during the 1750s and 1760s that summarized a primary grievance of the American colonists in the Thirteen Colonies, which was one of the major causes of the American Revolution. In short, many in those colonies believed that, as they were not directly represented in the distant British Parliament, any laws it passed affecting the colonists (such as the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act) were illegal under the Bill of Rights 1689, and were a denial of their rights as Englishmen.
Jonathan Mayhew, Old West Church’s second Congregational pastor, used the phrase, "no taxation without representation" in a sermon in 1750. The phrase revives a sentiment central to the cause of the English Civil War following the refusal of parliamentarian John Hampden to pay ship money tax. "No Taxation Without Representation," in the context of British American Colonial taxation, appeared for the first time in the February 1768 ''London Magazine'' headline, on page 69, in the printing of Lord Camden’s "Speech on the Declaratory Bill of the Sovereignty of Great Britain over the Colonies."〔August 1768 ''London Magazine'', No Taxation Without Representation headline, published (online ).〕
== Prior to the American Revolution ==
The British Parliament had controlled colonial trade and taxed imports and exports since 1660.〔Unger, pg. 87〕 By the 1760s, the Americans were being deprived of a historic right.〔John C. Miller, ''Origins of the American Revolution''. 1943. pp. 31, 99, 104〕 The English Bill of Rights 1689 had forbidden the imposition of taxes without the consent of Parliament. Since the colonists had no representation in Parliament, the taxes violated the guaranteed Rights of Englishmen. Parliament initially contended that the colonists had virtual representation, but the idea "found little support on either side of the Atlantic".〔(Charles A. Kromkowski, "Recreating the American Republic" - page 126 )〕 John Dunmore Lang wrote in 1852, "The person who first suggested the idea (Parliamentary representation for the colonies ) appears to have been Oldmixon, an American annalist of the era of Queen Anne or George I. It was afterwards put forward with approbation by the celebrated Dr. Adam Smith, and advocated for a time, but afterwards rejected and strongly opposed, by Dr. Benjamin Franklin."〔(1.9 Parliamentary Representation. • E-Books • Webjournals ). Webjournals.ac.edu.au. Retrieved on 2013-07-15.〕
The eloquent 1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance objecting to taxation, written by the Virginia House of Burgesses and endorsed by every other Colony, was sent to the British Government, which seems to have ignored it.〔H.M. Gladney, "No Taxation without Representation: 1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance", 2014. ISBN 978-1-4990-4209-2〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「No taxation without representation」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|